“A court of inquiry has been stood up to establish what caused this terrible incident,” said Judith Collins, New Zealand’s first female defence minister.

“The one thing that we already know did not cause it is the gender of the ship’s captain.”

Collins said she was appalled to see online trolling from “armchair admirals, people who will never have to make decisions which mean life or death for their subordinates”.

She added: “I thought seriously in 2024 what the hell is going on here with people who are sitting there in their armchair operating a keyboard making comments about people that they do not know, about an area they do not know and they are just vile. Where’s a bit of decency.”

Collins said that women in uniform had been abused in the street in recent days.

“This is outrageous behaviour and New Zealand is not known for this and we are better than it.”

HMNZS Manawanui is the first ship New Zealand’s Navy has lost to the sea since World War Two.

Collins previously indicated that it had been in an area that had not been surveyed since 1987 during rough weather.

On Thursday morning, Samoa’s Marine Pollution Advisory Committee (MPAC) said the ship was “leaking oil from three separate locations”, but that there continues to be “no trace” of oil washing up onshore.

Samoan officials said it was believed that most of the ship’s fuel had burnt off during the fire onboard, and that oil in the sea had been observed dissipating quickly.

New Zealand’s Defence Force said a navy team had been established “to react to any contamination of local beaches and to remove debris that has started to come ashore”.

It added that divers from the Samoan Ministry of Resources and Natural Environment had also “observed damage to the reef where the collision occurred”.

New Zealand has a long history of gender equality and was the first country to grant women the right to vote.

But the nation’s most recent female prime minister, Jacinda Ardern, received frequent misogynistic abuse while in office – a topic often debated in the country’s media.

About 20% of New Zealand’s uniformed defence force personnel are women.