The row over the NI rise has highlighted the complicated nature of how publicly-funded healthcare is delivered.

NHS hospitals, like other parts of the public sector, will be effectively protected from the rise through scheduled back-payments from the Treasury.

But GP surgeries, which operate mostly as business partnerships and deliver NHS care under government contracts, are not in the same position.

Social care is largely delivered through a patchwork of private companies, with local authorities subsidising the care of people with high needs and low assets.

In addition, some publicly-funded healthcare is delivered by charities, while pharmacy businesses deliver services for the NHS under contract.

Marie Curie, which provides hospice care to terminally ill people through government contracts, says the NI hike will put its services under “further pressure”.

The charity signed an open letter, organised by the National Council for Voluntary Organisations, which says the increase “will place another major strain on charities”.

In response, a Treasury spokesperson said the tax regime for charities “is among the most generous of anywhere in the world”.

The National Pharmacy Association (NPA) said pharmacies should also be included in “any support given to the rest of the NHS” to offset the rise.

The Liberal Democrats are calling for GPs, as well as companies running care homes and offering care to people in their homes, to also be shielded from the hike.

Speaking to reporters, leader Sir Ed Davey also said an exemption should cover pharmacists, adding the hike would “really hit” healthcare providers.

“They’ve exempted the hospitals, for example, they need to exempt the GPs and the pharmacists,” he added.

Mike Padgham, who chairs the Yorkshire-based Independent Care Group, said the NI rise could be the “last straw” for some providers in his area.

“The government has to do something and it has to do it quickly,” he added.

Downing Street said that an extra £600m in grants for local councils, which subsidise social care, would help “address pressures in the sector”.

It added that funding for GPs next year would be determined through the annual NHS contract, which will be negotiated later this year.

Asked about the issue, Chancellor Rachel Reeves said that the “NHS needs to live within” it new financial framework.

More than £22bn of extra funding was announced for the NHS in this week’s budget, but it is not clear how much of that may go towards compensating for higher national insurance contributions.

A Department for Health spokesperson said the funding boost was “for the NHS to get it back on its feet” and was announced alongside an “additional £100m to fund around 200 upgrades to GP surgeries across England”.

They added: “We will also hire an extra 1,000 GPs into the NHS by the end of this year, having already announced a contract uplift for GPs and practice staff, and we will ensure practices have the resources they need to offer patients the highest quality care.”